Norm Referenced Tesing

| | | | | | | | | |10/20/2012 3:39:49 PM | | | | | |Norm-Reference tests are â€Å"most appropriate when one wishes to make comparisons across large numbers of students or important | |decisions regarding student placement and advancement† (Assessment purposes, 2011). One example of a Norm-Reference test would | |be the COMPASS Test which is given to students entering college. This test assesses the reading, writing, and mathematical | |level of students in order to determine which English and math class individuals are placed in order to give the best | |opportunity for success as they begin their college education. The COMPASS assesses individuals by using the lower taxonomy | |levels.After completion of the test, students are placed in a remediation level English or math class if they fail to | |demonstrate the ability to demonstrate knowledge of the concepts at these lower cognitive levels. | |Criterion-Reference test are â€Å"most appropriate for quickly assessin g what concepts and skills students have learned from a | |segment of instruction† (Assessment purposes, 2011). In Georgia, the Criterion-Reference Competency Test (CRCT) test the skills| |and knowledge gained over the curriculum taught throughout the school year. Higher taxonomy levels are being assessed as | |students must demonstrate their comprehension, application, analysis, and synthesis of the grade level curriculum.When | |students receive their results, they have an idea of where they stand academically compared to the standards covered. Unlike | |Norm-Referenced test, this test does not result in student placement when moving toward the next grade level. | |Although both test serve a purpose, in my experience, Norm-Reference test are great for individual assessment and the ability to| |use lower level taxonomy skills such as knowledge and comprehension. The CRCT serves its purpose of rating individuals in | |comparison to the content and curriculum they should know b y having students demonstrate through critical thinking skills as | |they analyze each question. I believe the CRCT is better served for evaluating educators rather than students.With | |mainstreaming students into the regular education setting, it is difficult to gain a true reading of how well the higher levels | |of Bloom’s Taxonomy are addressed and used in the general education setting. | |   | |References | |   | |   | |Assessment purposes. (2011, Nov 23). Retrieved from http://www. edtech. vt. edu/edtech/id/assess/purposes. html | | | | |

Employees with work

The study will analyze he motivating factors that inspire employees to start working and why workers build a career with a small business. The investigation will also explore Job satisfaction and why do employees waste company time completing personal tasks at work. Data was analyzed to determine was there a relation among the variable. The result of the study decided whether the hypothesis(s) are supported or rejected.Final Project: Survey Methods Introduction This study was implemented to measure employees' motivational factors that include job satisfaction and employees' dedication to performing tasks at work and remaining loyal to their employer. The data collected would make a determination to what factors are successful, what factors need to be eliminated, and what factors should be put in practice in the future. The study was conducted by sending questionnaires to several small businesses in Greenville, MS. Several types of organizations were utilized that provided different t ype of service and products.The questionnaire had two parts. The first part of the questionnaire was utilized to measure factors that motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer, dedication to their Job, and Job satisfaction. The second part of the questionnaire measured do employees waste company time doing personal tasks. Management / Problem Statement Motivated employees assists organizations to operate efficiently. When employees are not properly motivated, worker are dissatisfied and have low moral. Workers not motivated properly also leads to low quality services and high Job turn over ratio, which leads to the loss of revenue.Motivated employees benefit all organizations. Workers that are inspired require less supervision from their managers. Manager's interaction will be more of co worker transaction verses a superior transaction. This incept would lead the workers to believe that the manager cares more about the employees, which in return will motivate the employee more. Purpose Statement The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors that inspire workers employed by small businesses, with 5 years or less service and 5 years of more services, to remain loyal to their employer.Some small businesses do not have the benefit packages and the retirement plans to offer their employees. Managers of these organizations are faced with the challenge of motivating employees to make a career in their organization. This study will show what forces drives an employee to work or a small business and to make a career at the organization. RSI: (ONE SENTENCE) What motivates workers employed by small businesses, with 5 and less years of service and with 5 and more years of services, to remain loyal to their employer?Investigative Questions The investigative questions for this study Does boredom of not having anything to do in life motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does accomplishment motivate employees to remain loyal to their employ er? Does recognition motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does a salary motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does the fear of not finding another Job motivates employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does job satisfaction permits employer to remain loyal to their employer?Because employees are allowed to waste company time doing personal task why employees remain loyal to their employer. Hypotheses (as needed for quantitative or mixed method research) The null hypotheses for this study: HOI : There is no relation between boredom of not having anything to do in life and employees remaining loyal to their employer. HUH: There is no relation between accomplishment and employees remaining loyal to their employer. HUH: There is no elation between recognition and employees remaining loyal to their employer HUH: There is no relation between salary and employees remaining loyal to their employer.HOST: There is no relation of the fear of not finding ano ther Job and employees remaining loyal to their employer? HUH: There is no relation of Job satisfaction why employees remain loyal to their employer? HUH: There is no relation of employees permitted to waste company time doing personal task why employees remain loyal to their employer. Brief Theoretical Framework Brief Conceptual framework The study will be a descriptive research and a casual comparative study. Early theories of motivation and current theories of motivation will be utilized to explain the study.One of the early theories, Moscow Hierarchy of Needs, implies that employees are motivated based on needs being fulfilled such as biological, shelter (Moscow, 1954). One of the latest theory, The Four Drive Theory Models suggest that one of the reasons that employees are motivated because acquire and achieve (Lawrence and Naira,2002) Construct definitions and variables The variables that will be analyzed for this research study are the variables that motivates employees to re main loyal to the organization.The variables are boredom thou a Job, fear of not finding another Job, salary from the Job, accomplishment from the Job, recognition on the Job, Job satisfaction from the Job, and allowed to waste company time by completing personal tasks at work. Construct validity will occur as described as following: â€Å"is demonstrated when scores obtained from a measure are directly related to the variable itself Reflects how close the measure relates to the construct (height and weight example) in one sense, construct validity is achieved by repeatedly demonstrating every other type of validity' (Arbor, 2006).The variables will be measured utilizing the Liker Scale. The variables will be assigned a value of 1-5. After the variables are measured, the data will be analyzed using Pearson Correlation and Test. The study will show is there a correlation among the variables, how the dependent variables influence the dependent variables, and is there a relation among the two focus groups. Methodology Overview Quantitative study is appropriate for this research because it permits the researcher to list as following because it allows for a broader study, involving a greater number of subjects, and enhancing the generalization of the results.Quantitative study also allows for greater objectivity and accuracy of results. Generally, quantitative methods are designed to provide summaries of data that support generalizations about the phenomenon under study. In order to accomplish this, quantitative research usually involves few variables and many cases, and employs prescribed procedures to ensure validity and reliability; applying well-established standards means that the research can be replicated, and then analyzed and compared with similar studies. The quantitative study also summarize vast sources of information and make comparisons across categories and over time (Pogo, 2007).Survey questionnaire will be utilized to the research study. The surve y will consist of 30 questions pertaining to workers' Job relation. The surveys will be emailed to the participants. The target population will consist of workers from small businesses. Organizations such as medical clinics, pharmacies, grocery stores, cleaners, and other small businesses. The participants will be chosen using purposive sample. After the surveys are received the data will be collected, analyzed, and transformed to Microsoft Excel. Each survey will be coded with an assigned number. Ordinal scale then will be used to measure ND validate the data.The data then will be calculated using SPAS software. The data then will be analyzed to either support or reject the hypothesis. Abridged Literature Review Discuss the key literature you have already searched on this topic†¦ Give us the highlights of previous research- 2 – 3 key authors or previous studies. One to two pages is enough. Taylor (1911) believed that motivating employees involved paying employees' wages and controlling the employees because workers do not enjoy working. Taylor and his colleagues discovered that motivation is significant component of comprehending human behavior.Taylor Motivation Theory was based on that employees will be motivating by awarding them with training on the Job, pay for outstanding Job performance, employee assortment method, and Job planning (Taylor, 1911). But scientists have a different aspect of motivation. Mayo (1933) & Rotisseries and Dickson (1929) stated research concluded that people social needs had to be met for employees to be motivated. Employees had to be treated as human beings and not Just workers. Workers not treated fairly resulted in low moral (Mayo, 1993, & Rotisseries & Dickson 1929). Moscow (1954) proposed that titivation were based on fives needs.The theory is known as Moscow Hierarchy of Needs. The theory is illustrated by using a pyramid with five levels. Moscow (1954) stated that when one level of need is satisfied, another le vel of need has to be satisfied for that person to continue to stay motivated. The needs then continue in cycle to keep the person motivated (Moscow, 1943). The five needs are as following: 1. â€Å"Physiological needs – home , food 2. Safety needs – security on the Job, protection 3. Social needs – clubs and membership societies, family. 4. Esteem needs – lifestyle, recognition, promotion, 5. Self-Actualization needs – successful† (Moscow, 1943 & Moscow, 1954).Herbert Motivation Theory is very significant in comprehending the relation between employers and employees. Herbert (1959) stated the factors that motivate people in their organization totally oppose what displease employees at work. The theory consists of two needs hygienic needs and motivation factors (Herbert, 1968). The hygienic needs are listed as following: 1 . Policy 2. Relationship with supervisor 3. Work conditions 4. Salary 5. Company car 6. Status 7. Security 8. Relationsh ip with subordinates 9. Personal life The motivation factors are as following: . Achievement 2. Recognition 3. Work itself 4. Responsibility 5.Advancement Herrings research concluded that money along was not a motivator. Salaries were ranked low as a factor that motivated employees to work. Employees want promotions and opportunity to advance in companies. The study also proposed that employees were more satisfied with opportunities and recognitions. Herbert Theory is considered one of the most important theories out of the motivation theories (Herbert, 1954, Herbert, 1968, & Gazelle, 1997). Current Work on Motivation Theories David McClellan, a psychologist, created the motivation need theory. McClellan believed Mascots theory was exhausted by people values and social issues.The research that the psychologist conducted concluded that Moscow theory was an assumption and not proven (Shih, 1999). The theory consists of three motivation needs. The three needs are as following: 1 . Achi evement motivation 2. Authority/power motivation 3. Affiliation motivation (McClellan, 1961). McClellan (1961) stated that achievement motivation is one of the major factors that motivate people. Employees that achieve success and become managers and build a career at a company are usually the ones that get things done (McClellan, 1961). Victory Broom developed a motivation theory in 1964 known as the Expectancy Theory.The theory approached motivation from a different perspective from Moscow and Herbert (Broom, 1964). The theory is based on that the employees are motivated by rewards. The employees perform well because the results will result in better benefits. The employees are not motivated by individual performance, but by the results of the Jobs. The employees understand that skills, resources, and information are the essentials for better performance (Abdul-Zee, Airwomen, Dropout, 2011). Lawrence and Naira (2002) stated that employees are motivated ruptures wages and payment.T he perspective is known as the Four Drive Theory Model. The four drives are listed as following: 1 . Acquire and Achieve -base pay 2. Bond & Belong- company employee 3. Challenged and Comprehend- learning the Job 4. Define and Defend-company culture Sample Overview Population The population used for this research study will consist of workers that are employed by Small business owners. Several small businesses located in Greenville, MS will be used for the study. (House. Gob, 2013) Sampling frame Employees from various types of small businesses that offer different type of rodents and services.Workers with 5 and less years of service and workers with 5 and more years of service. Both genders also will be utilized for the study. In using 93 % with ay % margin of error, 200 participants have to be utilized. In using survey, the expected rate of return is about 10 %. To obtain this rate 2000 surveys will be e- mailed out (Pogo, 2007). Desired sample Purposive Sampling will be utilized to choose the members of the population. Purposive sampling is used because the researcher has knowledge of the small businesses in Greenville, MS (Pogo, 2007). Ethical ConsiderationsIn conducting a research study, researcher have to practice ethical principles. In using people to participate in a study to obtain personal information, examiners have to ensure the participants that their personal information will be protected. In conducting research some of the critical ethical questions related to my survey and my methodology and protecting participants are listed as following: 1 . What are the main ethical issues in a research study obtaining personal information from people? The researcher should ensure the safety of the participants. The research will not harm them in anyway.Also informed the participants that a consent form will be provided to them and is required to obtain information. Finally informed the participants that their information will be kept confidential (Groves et al. , 2009). 2. What are the components of an ethically valid informed consent for research? Major components of an ethically valid informed consent for research are listed as following: A. Disclosure. The participants must know what the research study is a about. B. Understanding. The participants must be able to comprehend the survey and allowed to ask questions about the study. C. Voluntaries.

Chinese Philosophy Essay

Human being is by nature a dynamic being, whose tendency to evolve is manifest in history, archeology and other disciplines that have put human development and progress in focus in the course of evolution and so does the society / community in which he resides. Heraclitus, an ancient Greek philosopher, once stated; â€Å"As they step into the same rivers, different and still different waters flow upon them† (qtd. in Snooks 1). In line with this saying, we may say that change is something that is part of nature. Many of the activities of communities can address, embrace or resist change. In order to manage the various incidents and conditions that are experienced by man and his society, various instruments and frameworks are devised. In the case of the Chinese society, a number of philosophical standpoints were developed in a bid to confront the challenges facing China. This paper endeavors to examine Confucianism, Daoism, Mohism and Legalism as the instruments put in place by the Chinese in response to the wars that China was experiencing, especially in regard to leadership in a society. Confucianism Confucianism puts quality on the ability of the human being to achieve, through self introspective processes, a state of inner harmony and moral uprightness, which can elevate the individual from the stables of a common person to a noble person. Confucias (541 – 479 BCE) was China’s first moral philosopher who linked moral behavior to traditional roles and hierarchies. He linked the Zhou order that was deteriorating and believed that all should understand and accept their role in the society. This system of thought is good in so far as it has faith in the human being as being capable of managing his own destiny, and being able to change for the better. Confucianism gives an individual member of the society a chance to take responsibility for creating and maintaining harmony in the society, by having it entrenched in the individual countenance that recognizes nobility as a state that can be achieved by an individual, without anybody being able to gain it through ascription or inheritance and this is not closely attached to the exercise of political power per se (Barry et al. 24) In China where many communities were vying for political dominance, Confucianism offered a window for the restoration of order through self cultivation, oriented toward achieving a noble state, in spite of the person’s social extraction. This, as a philosophy that sought to bring harmony in the warring Chinese society, worked toward the establishment of personal moral uprightness, which in turn would affect the way people related to one another, especially in their relation to leadership. If the society regarded nobility highly, then the noble people, having cultivated themselves effectively; would have their influence in the society to steer clear of war, or to effectively lead the people in better battle campaigns against their adversaries. If on the other hand, the Chinese society was to transform itself into a nation of noble people according to Confucian principles, then everybody would maintain the peace, because people would look at each other with more humility and kindness. The Confucian noble is thus, one who is able to provide leadership without really reigning or ruling. Confucianism can also be seen as a direct response to insensitive leadership during the war period, and thus, a system to try and impress the virtue of good leadership amongst the rulers of the time (86). This was done in such a way that it did not threaten as much, the social structures prevalent then, hence the Confucian recognition of the social hierarchies, and insistence on the citizenry to uphold respect for the superiors. Of course, war is a period when it matters to positively receive instruction and commands from the superiors. Daoism While Confucianism promotes the practice of self improvement in line with the argument based on natural evolution of the human species, Daoism on the other hand places all human effort in the search for knowledge and purposeful transformation in the realm of vanity. Daoists wanted the governments not to override their lives and were interested in the spiritual aspect of human existence. The temptation to dismiss this school of thought prima facie is quite high. This is due to the natural orientation of man to take responsibility of his destiny and the natural tendency to seek a better life, to marvel at nature and to try to influence it so as to satisfy personal needs. In that respect, one would expect that a working formula has to emphasize man’s rationality and his wants and needs, as the central pillars of his push toward creating his own history and having dominion over his environment. On the other hand, Daoism offers a situation where, as a country at war, the Chinese had an opportunity to re-examine their value systems and act accordingly. The Daoist concept of being in harmony with nature and not struggling to bring about change could be looked at as a peace strategy. This is because wars are naturally fanned by human desire to achieve something that humans feel is of ultimate importance to them. Wars also spring out of humans’ questioning of things and hence inventions of valuable things (which they desire so much). Humans would also like to either wrest from people who wouldn’t like them to possess the valuable items, or fervently protect the items from the people who would covet them. The need for man to change, to improve on things and to have an influence over his environment is a tendency that puts man in contention with the Daoist principle. If people followed Daoism, then they wouldn’t engage in a lot of questioning, which would bring about the escalation or perpetuation of the war. Their social relationships would be smooth, for all of them would be in harmony with nature, which would naturally take its course and not support of war. Daoist leadership would therefore be a laid back kind of leadership, with nature ‘taking care of itself’. The kind of transformation to come out of the society would therefore be premised on the Daoist fact that nature is capable of transforming itself, and man doesn’t have to take steps to interfere with occurrence of events. This however, would be criticized on the premise that change is something to be managed by the human being, by use of his intellect. Daoism as a leadership style would be an aloof kind of leadership, and during the war period, something deliberate had to be done, the solutions to the problems then were not just left to ‘fall from heaven’. To best illustrate this, Barry calls Daoists â€Å"†¦those who wandered off†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (48) Legalism This school of thought argued that strong government depended upon effective institutional structures not just the moral quality of the leaders. This could be described as the application of law for the benefit of the majority. Legalism thus becomes a system of reinforcement, with an emphasis on both positive and negative reinforcement meted out to the members of the society in order to discourage certain socially undesirable behavior according to the majority of people paying allegiance to the society in question (Ebrey & Buckley 23). According to legalism school of thought, society is shaped through its reward system, with socially unacceptable behavior being punished for, with blessings from the social framework that awards certain individuals the power to dish out these rewards, without necessarily being seen to deny one or infringe upon their rights. This may help galvanize a society or community, which will in turn have a more prominent sense of identity and solidarity. Such a stand in a war situation is good for the purpose of gaining victory over the enemy. Legalism is quite an ideal system for bringing the society together in the face of a common enemy. This also gives the ruler the chance to act with speed, since legalism is a system that is responsive to the times; changing with circumstances and accordingly responding to the dictates of the time. War times need an atmosphere where there is quick action and response, and with the foundation that gives legality to what the rulers are deciding on behalf of their subjects. Legalism was therefore, an ideal philosophical grounding for individual Chinese communities during the time of war, for it is a system that can well serve the expedients of war. This comes in the light of the fact that the Chinese had developed government structures bequeath to them by the Chin dynasty, and which lasted for more than two centuries (Barry et al. 145). The structures brought about by the Chin dynasty were important in the realization of the dictates of the legalistic system, which was organized around reward and punishment, and had to have a basis in the common will of the people. Thus, there had to be a person vested with the power to mete out punishment to errant members of the society, while at the same time hand down rewards to those who performed and behaved in accordance with the needs and aspirations of the society. This person also derived mandate from the same common will that requires the people to obey and take reward, both positive and negative, with understanding; since it is for the common good that this is done. It can be argued that legalism is something close to Confucianism, because it comes out of man’s free will. It is a product of social engineering, with a view to bringing about an ideal society; something totally distanced from Daoism, which emphasizes the need to let life just flow, without taking any action to influence one’s environment. Mohism This is a system of universal brotherhood, where everyone on the face of the earth is related to each other, with an obligation to look after one’s kin (Ebrey & Buckley 35). Taken from this very standpoint, this is a perfect doctrine for humanity at any one time, and in this case, for China during the warring times. This is because, as we have noted above, human conflict springs out of differences. These differences, when not solved amicably, lead to war. The inclination to keep some things away from others and to take what is owned by others is a perfect recipe for war. If, in the light of Mohism, all of humanity was to lay a claim on brotherhood, and maintain that doctrine of being each other’s keeper, then the incidence of war would be remote. This is because brotherhood entails harmony and amity. It also presupposes the ability to communicate with each other without necessarily taking to arms. Mohists might not have been comprehensive in their brotherhood matrix. Even though all men are supposed to be brothers, the Mohists’ view of the world is quite hierarchical, with the junior members of the society bearing a social responsibility to be subservient to those who are perceived to be on an elevated social platform. This is a system that would have borne fruit if only the small people accepted it. If however, the common people are not agreeable to this arrangement, then Mohism would be just but another plank of wood in the fire, for they would revolt as a response to this flawed brotherhood arrangement. From a different perspective, Mohism could be taken to be the answer to the perceived social injustices prevalent in China then. Much as one could be the other’s brother, this system sought to cultivate an environment where an individual, after striving for, and accumulating enough superior residues; would acquire a higher status and would lead people. War needs strong willed people, since it carries a lot in terms of collateral damage, both in terms of human life and material possessions. War time also needs utmost sacrifice, so that as brothers, some members of the society do not just sit back and wait for the other people to work out way-through for them. If one is in a lower position, then he has to be obedient and provide for that one who is up. In this way, Mohism comes out as a system that influenced the social set up such that it recognized the need to love each other, and to be ready to stand by each other; while at the same time, not losing the individual. If they were to be juxtaposed, Mohism and Confucianism would relate up to a certain extent. One would easily say that in terms of hierarchy, both Confucianism and Mohism teach about the society in light of inequalities and the need for these to be maintained through proper social decorum. Confucius goes deeper to analyze, at a finer level, the social relations and how they should be handled for the sake of peace and tranquility. Mohists may differ on some of these because of the pedant stand they regard the social hierarchies and how they observe and maintain them. However, it provides a framework for the legitimization of rulership, for a ruler is someone who occupies a place in a hierarchical set up. Legitimacy of a ruler springs out of the acceptance the ruler enjoys from the society. War times need strong leaders who derive legitimacy from their people. In times of war too, a ruler could impose himself on the people, but for as long as he serves to protect them or unite them against the enemy, then his legitimacy may not be much of a problem, since it is in the people’s name that the ruler reigns. This solidarity is best achieved by communities that recognize hierarchy as a natural phenomenon in life, and which Mohists and Confucians upheld in their thought. Conclusion In conclusion, based on personal point of view, the various ideological developments in China which brought about the four schools of thought which have been examined in this paper are a response to certain conditions in the society at the time of their emergence, and that these are mechanism that were crafted so as to manage change. The difference only lies in the points that were stressed. Mohism, for instance, is a system that was conservative to a certain extent, reacting to the possibility of occurrence of a development that could challenge the existing hierarchical status quo. At the same time, it endeavored to foster change in the way people regarded one another, with the small people (the serfs and commoners) fully recognizing and venerating their lords. Confucianism on the other hand, much as it strove for change on the individual level which would later on seep into the entire social fabric of the Chinese, was also a fairly conservative system. Just like Mohism, it posed no threat to the existing powers. It was a system that would be used to bring the people together in times of war, for this was not a time for people to start questioning their authorities. By defending the hierarchical system existent then, the Confucians thought of an alternative leadership style where noble people would get to influence the rulers through their self cultivation. This system almost totally absolved the ruler from responsibility, since the leader had the social privilege of lording it over his subjects without being obliged to observe certain tenets of leadership. It was however incumbent upon the subject to go through the process of self improvement. What would happen if all the subjects had transformed themselves yet the leadership was not together with them? What avenues would they have to really exercise power? Daoism was one way of running away from the human responsibility to respond to change. By letting all systems go, the society would be at a greater risk of falling prey to the dictates of a bad ruler, a coward or one who would sell them to the enemy during this war period, since the Daoist doctrine was all about living and letting live. After considering everything, legalism seems to be the system that would have best defended the particular communities, and even a collection of the communities, for it is a system of action and reciprocation. The common person reacts, and then the system responds by awarding a deserving reward; whether positive or negative.

Sociology in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sociology in Healthcare - Essay Example Modern and reliable research into present day healthcare practice is thus becoming increasingly important. Healthcare researchers involved in both qualitative and quantitative research, need to be aware of and understand the issues associated with the research. Quantitative research carried out with care and caution is very influential and provide crucial information on the effects of new drugs on high sample populations. Qualitative research is more directed to understanding human nature, and helps us understand how nursing or healthcare can affect the patient. The qualitative aspect of the research is linked to social anthropology and sociology. These are normally undertaken when not much is known of a topic and strive to put forth a theory (Bassett, 2004). Medical anthropology may be defined as the study of how people of differing cultures and social groups perceive health and health issues. Medical anthropology also associates theses beliefs and practices to biological, psychological and social changes, during health and disease. The cultural background has an important influence on health related beliefs and behaviour. However, one's perception of health and health issues is also influenced by other factors like individual attributes (like age, gender, size etc.), educational attributes, socio-economic criteria and environmental attributes of the individual. As cultures are never homogenous, people's beliefs and behaviour should not be generalized. Differences within members of a cultural group may exist which may even be comparable to differences existing among differing cultures. These cultures are further subdivided through professional sub-cultures like medical, nursing, legal etc.. Students corresponding to such professions, pa rticularly medicine and nursing are subject to enculturation as they acquire the culture of the chosen profession (Helman, 2000). In medical profession, this sub-culture incorporates the existing social divisions and prejudices, which can interfere with healthcare and doctor-patient communication. Research into behavioural and social sciences incorporates a broad aspect of health relevant areas. Such research plays a crucial role in highlighting the important health issues in our society.With the development of such studies, the importance of research findings in understanding, treating and preventing health problems has been considered crucial. The behaviour and social science sectors have begun to be increasingly sought by governmental agencies to advice on policy formations, with regard to health issues. The National Research Council's Division of Behavioural and Social Sciences and Education (DBASSE) have released over three hundred publications in the last ten years, which are directly or indirectly related to health concerns. These include children, education, family, employment and training. At the individual level, these studies provide knowledge and understanding of health issues like drug, obesity, alcohol abuse, violent behaviour, smoking, stress management, illness coping and health decision making. Such knowledge helps in

Esay descripition and analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Esay descripition and analysis - Essay Example It is interesting and vital to undertake a profound analysis of the character of Dylan, a 48 year old musician, who is going through depressed moods. In a close understanding of the story, it becomes lucid that Dylan, who writes songs for his living, is an alcoholic due mainly to his experiences. He is undergoing a divorce and he adores his two beautiful children. The basic problem with this character is that he does not any longer have respect for himself and he thoroughly feels helpless at times. "To overcome his depressed moods, he self medicates with near lethal doses of alcohol. But it is a condition of the treatment that he turns up sober to the sessions. In his sobriety, and under the group's gaze, he must face up to his compulsive behavior." (Yamey, 2000). Through the slow but skilful efforts of Charles Lathon, the therapist, the group in general and Dylan in particular discovers the factors behind the 'suffering conversations'. Therefore, the character of Dylan in the story has a major role to play in the group as he proves how Tuckman's model of group development fits to this group of six young men in search of life. The novel Groups gives a real-life account of the personal struggles of six young men and the experience of Dylan in the form of psycho therapy. Paul Solotaroff, the author, who is a journalist by trade and a former patient of a pseudonymous 'Dr.

Multinational enterprises from the Asia Pacific in the global economy Essay

Multinational enterprises from the Asia Pacific in the global economy - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that multinational corporations are enterprises that a base in a particular country, but with a number of subsidiaries abroad. Most of these multinational enterprises are state owned organizations and receive numerous supports from the government. In the recent past, there has been a rise and growing role of multinational enterprises, particularly in the Asia Pacific region in the global economy. In the past few decades, multinational enterprises from the Asia Pacific were not as dominant and buoyant in the global economy as those in Europe and America. Today, the dynamics have changed and the focus has been shifted to the Multinational enterprises in the Asia Pacific. Research has shown that 29% of multinational enterprises from the globe come from the Pacific Asia. This is out of the over five hundred listed multinationals. In essence, it means that of the 500 listed companies, 145 are from the Pacific Asia region. In the recent past, Chi na alone has added close to about 9 multinationals. This to a large extent sensational in the sense that the global index of companies did not previously indicate a surge in the multinational enterprise. Countries like Japan, China, India, and South Korea continue to dominate the markets in unprecedented rates. The growing influence of these multinationals and their role in the global economy is an interesting phenomenon that warrants some keen interest.

The Minoan Cultures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Minoan Cultures - Assignment Example This evidence shows they had numerous celebrations, ceremonies, rituals to mark a specific event in their religion and festivals. They also suggest that Athena and Aphrodite of the Greeks also stem from the Minoan religion. However, the problem of interpreting such evidence is bound to mislead due to language barriers and meaning are given to specific religious belief. The Minoans and Mycenaeans relate to one another in many ways even though they had certain disparities in their ways of lives, they constantly fought each other rather than uniting but had similarities in that they had spent most of their time sailing in waters, traded around Aegean Sea and were the first few two cultures to sprout in Greece, they had similar poetry and religion since they worshiped in one goddess. In terms of their palaces, the layout and rules regarding them were similar. They also differed in a number of ways such as the Mycenaeans were more focused on weapon making and their military and war-loving who did little for themselves while the Minoans were more artistry, painted, made pots and build boats for trading. The collapse of this two civilization has perplex many and it can be attributed to the natural disasters (climate change) that wreak havoc at around 1600, B. C, during this time an earthquake (tsunami) occurred that is believed to have swept away majority of the Minoans leaving them prone to attack by the Greek soldiers and subsequent defeat. The Persian war in 490-480 was integral to the rise of Athens to be powerful and brought changes in the political climate of Greece. The unity of Sparta and Athens was also greatly influenced by these invasions starting in the time of fear of the Persians while these city-states were constantly against each other, the repulsion of the Persians’ attack by the Athenians gave them a sense of self-worth and prestige, as a result, there were new audacity and political change.

How does King Louis XIV's History Reflect Through Buildings, Arches, Research Paper

How does King Louis XIV's History Reflect Through Buildings, Arches, and Statues in Paris - Research Paper Example The changes introduced by King Louis XIV in building were to replace the current styles in architecture: ornate rococo dominated in the design of market buildings, hospitals and hotels. He adopted the modern floor plans, and a well planned logic was behind all those changes. The exteriors of buildings were composed of large, regularly shaped blocks, and the walls of buildings were plain, with no architectural extravagancies. The Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture was also established under his rule, and the king took measures to promote the work of art and architecture (Blunt). The Louvre and the palace of Versailles were the projects that were supervised by the king himself. They were considered to be the most glamorous building, and even today the architecture of Paris is largely defined by the period of the Sun King’s rule. The king brought the concept of absolute monarchy in the country, which also reflected in his way of life. In contrast with the aristocratic mindse t, he was fond of making portraits and statues of his own and had a great taste for making arches in Paris. The King reconstructed the Louvre in 1663 and created the Apollo Temples, the name of which resonated with the Louis XVI’s nickname: Appollo means ‘the god of sun,’ and hence his alias ‘the Sun King’ (Blunt). In spite of all the money that was spent on wars and winning those wars, the art under the rule of Louis flourished like it had never flourished before. He sponsored many great architects, artists and sculptures and promoted the French Classicism. Classicism was the style in architecture in which more focus was put on logic and the order of patterns. It focused more on the right use of colors than on adorning the building with painting (Shennan). The king... The research paper attempts to describe and discuss the history of the King of France King Louis XIV and explores his huge impact and interest in buildings, arches, and statues in Paris. This paper mentiones Paris as an architectural pearl due to the styles of buildings and statues that were built according to the old styles, such as French Baroque that is a style in architecture which was evolved under the reign of Louis XIV and then spread out into all the European countries. Classicism that was also analyzed in the paper has dominated in the design of buildings in Paris and was the preferred style in the seventeenth century. The king’s approach to architecture reflected his political clout. The research paper describes how the king recognized the importance of the city as it represented the power of the king. Artistic productivity was one of the defining characteristics of Louis XIV’s reign as he led the country to its cultural greatness through the patronage of the architectural development. Before his reign, Rome was considered as the artistic capital of Europe, but closer to the end of his rule, Paris had became the European centre of art. When concluding the efforts of King Louis, it should be mentioned that he had to demonstrate his power to other countries, which motivated to develop interest in fostering the creation of buildings that are still considered to be the greatest achievement of his reign. These glamorous buildings, arches and statues will remain the center of attraction in Paris for many centuries to come.

Court Observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Court Observation - Essay Example In the year 1978, five boys were reported missing and were presumed dead. The suspects that were captured at the time, Lee Evans and his cousin, Philander Hampton could not be held due to the absence of credible evidence. However, as time went by, the court found something to link Lee with the murders of the five teens. The issue that arose during the case was the linking of Lee to all the murders (Henry, p. 20). Questions as to why he would do such an act were asked. The public was very interested in the closure of the case. To this day, the bodies of the teens have not been recovered. Families of the deceased are appealing to the accused to disclose the location of the bodies. This is to allow them to be at peace and have the ability to let go of the memory of their lost ones. Facts reveal that Lee Evans and his cousin led the teens into a vacant house, put them in a closet, poured gasoline and lit it. They then left. It is believed that the teens were forced to the abandoned house at gun point (Henry, p. 22). First, three were taken by Lee then two followed later. When asked the reason he was doing this by his cousin, Lee said it was payback since the boys had stolen his marijuana. The case came to a close as the jury found Philander Hampton guilty of the five counts of murder. This is because he had pleaded guilty to the charges. The case had gone cold and had been put under missing persons. A confession from Hampton helped law enforcement agencies to start the case again. This time they had a witness. Lee Evans still has not pleaded guilty to these charges (Henry, p. 23). There was a plea made by Lee’s defence for a mistrial but the judge, Patricia Costello, denied the motion for the mistrial. If the case was considered a mistrial, then the case would have to start all over again. Beside Hampton, Lee Evans is the only other person who truly knows what happened. This means that the prosecution is heavily reliant on his account of what happened. Since the fire destroyed the credible evidence, the prosecutors have nothing else to go by. Lee’s defence asked the witness why he did not stop the accused from doing what he allegedly did. The answer Hampton gave was that he did not know Lee was going to do it (Henry, 25). He is the one who allegedly gave Lee the matches to use to set the place on fire. The prosecution in this case has a hard time since the evidence produced by their only witness is being questioned. With his tenth grade education, Hampton seemed confused with the account of what actually happened. Hampton, in his testimony, claims he fled from the scene of the crime before it was set on fire. He explained to the jurors in the case how the accused, Lee Evans, led the victims into the deserted building and carried out the actions (Millman, p. 15). Lee acted as his own defence at the beginning but later on, he decided to involve a public defender. The credibility of the key witness was also questioned. This was bec ause of his past criminal record. He had been arrested on several occasions and charged with drug possession. He was also charged with shoplifting. The defence thinks that Hampton was coerced into agreeing to testify against his cousin. They also think that if he is the key witness, why did he have to wait this long to decide to testify (Millman, p. 25). As a witness, Hampton had a lot on his plate. Family members claim that they suspected Lee Evans from the start. This is because, at the time of the

Genus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genus - Essay Example The workers keep busy in construction and provision of food. Being sterile, they do not have a direct offspring but work cooperatively together to look after the offspring of the queen. However, these workers are not â€Å"obligatory sterile† (Ciszek 2000:1), meaning that they are capable of reproducing but when they have to live in colonies, they are not supposed to breed. But, if they are separated from their colonies, then they are able to actively reproduce. Worker mole-rats are able to transmit their genes to the next generation if they are sterile through the concept of inclusive fitness (Hamilton 1964:1; Axelrod & Hamilton 1981:1390), according to which if the worker mole-rats share genes with their mother queen, then they are able to assist her in raising future queens, thus, enabling the workers to transmit their genes. This assistance is a special feature of eusociality. Hence, we see close inbreeding in these mole-rats since there is high genetic similarity (Faulkes , Abbott & Mellor, 1990). This close inbreeding eliminates the chances of out-breeding in mole-rats which increases their relatedness to the queen’s offspring. This close genetic relatedness maximizes the workers’ potential to do more work. ... The male members of these non-workers mate with the breeding female. Since most of these non-workers are sleeping most of the time, thus, the overall energy requirement for the colony is reduced. Their main role is the assistance in the brought up of the offspring. Female mole rats of all these categories are non-breeding, and will never reproduce. Although they are not sterile, yet their ovaries have been found to be inactive. Male mole-rats are able to inseminate; however, small mole-rats have difficulty mating with the bigger breeding female. As far as the breeding female is concerned, she belongs to the category of non-workers, and is of the same size as that of non-workers. She is identified through her prominent mammary glands. The offspring that is born is fed by the breeding female, and rests with the sleeping non-workers. If the nest is in some danger, both the sexes of the frequent and infrequent workers pick up the offspring, and take him out of the nest. When the danger i s over, all the members of all castes bring him back in. During weaning, he feeds on the food brought in by the frequent workers; and, when he is about 2 months old, he joins the army of frequent workers, and is about their size at one year. His joining the caste of frequent workers is an evidence of that the naked mole-rats share an extended family, which makes them eusocial. Hence, the naked mole-rats are a perfect example of eusociality. They resemble a lot with eusocial insects but differ in that mole-rats do not have a clearly defined breeding male. The breeding female is not easy to catch which shows that she does not reside at such a place that is frequently exposed to dangers like predators. This feature is also present in eusocial insects.

The English Parliament and the French Monarchy Essay Example for Free

The English Parliament and the French Monarchy Essay England and France both developed very different governmental systems during the sixteenth century. Great Britain created a governmental system on which there is little infringement upon the rights of the people, and there is a parliamentary government to keep the royal power in check. The French monarchy was the exact opposite. The monarchs ruled absolutely and controlled all the affairs that took place in the kingdom. Although the English and French of the sixteenth century evolved differently, their governments both generated great power and wealth. The English parliamentary system incorporated the ideal of a society where the people have the power. This in turn was backed by a powerful ruling class of nobles and royalty. This provided an efficient bureaucratic government that mirrors the Democratic-Republic system that is currently employed in America today. Resulting from no direct taxation, in exchange for the increase in price of royal services, the majority of the population did not have to pay exorbitant amounts to coexist in an environment with powerful figureheads. The wealth generated was then kept inside of the royalty resulting from the nobles requiring the royal services. The commoner peasant class was not constrained by the governments financial burdens. This lead to the rise in the lower classes economically, which led to better furnishings, diet, and extra capital. The extra money then was poured into the adventurous joint-stock companies which financed voyages to Africa, India, and China. This resulted in lucrative profits from the rare commodities. The governments investment in this industry also led to a large cash flow and an increase in prestige and power in its venture throughout the uncharted seas. The Absolute Monarchy of France took the idea of prestige and power to a new level. Taxation was placed upon sales, salt trade, and households. This generated huge new wealth for the French government. However, the French government consisted mainly of the Absolute Monarch and his cabinet. The power of the nobles was leeched from them as they sought entertainment and fine foods from the bottomless pockets of the court of the Absolute Monarch. Extravagant events that led to the decreased power of the nobles were brought to a whole new level as King Louis IX reigned. He is quoted as  saying I am the state, because of his absolute influence on the French government. Great power succumbed to this as he envisioned conquering both Spain and Germany. However, other nations stepped in to keep a balanced system of kingdoms within flourishing Europe. The English idea of the power of the people through parliament and no direct taxes was drastically different from the power strapped people of the French Absolute Monarchy. However, the English and French governments both proved very successful in accomplishing their goals of obtaining huge wealth and power through their radically different ruling systems.

Introduction to Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Criminal Justice Essay This definition of a crime comes from (Merriam-Webster On-line Dictionary) and reads; â€Å"Crime: an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law; especially: a gross violation of the law†. There are several definitions of crime, but there all consistent for the most part. People who commit crimes are held to answer for the crimes they are accused of. For this, we must have a judicial system in place that is fair and balanced. Although the person accused of committing the crime is sometimes judged before he’s even gone to court, he must be allowed certain rights and due process. Those rights must not be violated prior to a trial. It’s this system that makes American what we are. Sometimes there are cases that make us feel that the person being tried should just be executed or sent to jail, because the media has basically tried and convicted the person prior to trial. This was evident in the â€Å"Casey Anthony† murder trial. Most Americans and the media had convicted her prior to trial. She was found not guilty earlier today by twelve jurors. Is the system fair? Who knows, but this is the reason, lots of people believe there should be professional jurors for high profile cases like this. On the other hand our judicial system has been around for a long time and delivers in most cases a fair system of government that protects the innocent, the victims and the accused. Of course all parties involved don’t feel this way based on where you’re at during the judicial process, but it’s a system that’s fair to all parties. The system is overseen by federal systems that try to keep order and balance throughout the country. Without any of this we would be a country with no law and order. Vigilantes’ would run the streets creating their own laws and chaos would prevail. The three components of the criminal justice system are The Police, The Criminal Courts and The Correctional Institutions. Each one of these components has a very specific function and go hand in hand with one another. For example; if a person is arrested by a police officer for a residential burglary, there is a series of events that happen on the law enforcement side, before the suspect goes to court and before he becomes a part of the correctional institutions. . Once an officer confirms a crime has been committed, he must place the person under arrest and show there was probable cause to arrest the person. This information goes into a â€Å"Probable Cause statement that’s submitted during the booking process. If the suspect is questioned he must be advised of his Miranda rights by the law enforcement officer. Evidence must be collected to prove the crime was committed and the person being charged committed the crime. The suspect is then transported to the county jail for booking. The officer must then document the incident in a police report and be able to articulate the elements of the crime have been fulfilled. The evidence must be booked and the police report must then be submitted to the District Attorney’s office within a 48 hour time frame before the suspect is arraigned in court. If any of this fails’ to happen the courts could release the suspect under Penal Code 825. The case can still be submitted to the District Attorney’s office, but it will be filled out of custody. If this process has been completed correctly the criminal courts takes over their function. Once the suspect goes to court for his first appearance he is advised of his charges and the probable cause is confirmed by the courts. During this phase the report and evidence collected are examined by the defense counsel to see if the suspect has a chance of winning the case. If the defense attorney feels that his client may lose the case based off of the evidence presented he may be allowed to plea bargain in which the suspect could plead to a lesser crime or admit guilt to the crime he is accused of. There are several things that determine if this allowed to happen, to include the suspects past criminal history and the seriousness of the crime. If the courts feel there is enough probable cause and the suspect’s rights have not been violated, the suspect will be held to answer to the charges brought against him. Otherwise the suspect could be let free based on the lack of probable cause, lack of physical evidence or the suspect’s rights being violated during the arrest or questioning process. If the suspect is held to answer he will then go to an arraignment. Once there he will plead either not guilty, guilty, or no contest. If a person pleads â€Å"not guilty† he is set for pre-trial at which time his case is handled by the person’s lawyer. If need be the case goes to trial where he is judged by twelve of his peers or the person pleads to a lesser charge and the case is closed prior to the trial. If a trial takes place and the person is found guilty he will be sentenced by the judge based on the crimes committed. This can be immediately or shortly after the trial. If the suspect is sentenced to prison he then becomes a part of the correctional institution. After sentencing he is usually turned over immediately to the custody of the sheriff’s department while awaiting transportation to prison.

Analysis of Nietzsches Concept of Genealogy

Analysis of Nietzsches Concept of Genealogy Introduction: Michel Foucault (October 1926-June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian, social theorist, philologist and literary critic. In 1945, Foucault travelled to Paris, where he enrolled himself in a prestigious secondary school, Lyciee-Henry-IV. Foucault adopted conviction of philosopher, Jean Hyppolite, an existentialist and expert in uniting existentialist theories with the reasoning theories of Hegel and Karl Marx, that philosophy must be developed through a study of history. Foucault desired to be a fellow member in College de Paris, where he became one, taking up the chair in the History of Systems of Thought. Foucault, in his late interview, called himself a Nietzschean. Which is well elucidated by the fact, that Foucaults genealogy of knowledge is direct inkling of Nietzsches genealogy of morality. In 2007 Foucault was listed as the most cited scholar in the humanities by The Times Higher Education Guide. [text courtesy Wikipedia] In this essay (Nietzsche, Genealogy, History) Foucault explores genealogy through Nietzsche, and exposit on his own profound understanding of the genealogical method. Genealogy is precise conscientious attention to details, and a patiently documentation. Basically, Genealogy is boring. If the analysis is not just based on paperwork, observations and interview transcripts can be added, which mix a manifold of different context in a confusing order. These perplexed documents, observations and interview transcripts need to be ordered in time and space. That is, the pieces must be ordered in regard to almanac, context and actors. A major task, since genealogy also requires a major accretion of source material. Therefore, genealogy is boring unless one likes the vapid work of going through every single page to page, piece by piece in order to place them in the right almanac and context. It is also very time-consuming and a vex mental burden, tiresome since the genealogist from time to time feels that he is not getting anywhere. But genealogy is, at the same time, exciting. It gives a great overall overview and touch with the material and is thus an exc iting material and detailed different to the abstractions the unitary sciences have produced so many of. Often, it is experienced that the absolute ordering of pieces in time and space gives a totally different view of the process than expected. Much of the material does speak for itself, Really! Often, it is proclaimed how beautiful words turn out to be less beautiful in the true, real world. Thus, with its painstaking procedures, genealogy to some extent avoids chicanery. In itself, this is a z great reason for doing it. Further, Foucault argues about the monotonous finality this is really what it is all about. Events must be recorded individually of any unifying and thereby systematizing theory. Events are what they are, and nothing else. It can also have represented in a manner that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦monotonous finality is basically rewriting of what Nietzsche called monumental history. He theorizes that the monumental history as a construct that represents the great moments in the struggle of a human individual which constitute a chain which unites the mankind across the millennial like a range of human mountains pinnacle. Foucault writes that genealogy does not obstruct itself to history, but rather opposes itself to a search for origins, and rejects the metahistorical deployment of ideal significations and indefinite teleologys As a genealogist, Nietzsche opposed the pursuit of the genesis (Ursprung) because it relies on a metaphysical faith in purest plausibilitys () the existence of immobile forms that precede the external world of mishap and succession. () the image of a primordial truth fully adequate to its nature, and it necessitates the removal of every mask to ultimately disclose an original identity. We erroneously attribute the originwith a moment of greatest infallible, the first morning that precedes the Fall in our merely human hands; the search for origin plays out our own want for a divine birth. However, historical beginnings are lowly. Absconding metaphysics and turning to history, Foucault suggests that one discovers not a timeless and essential dern, but the secret that they have no essence or that their essence was fabricated in a piecemeal fashion from alien forms. Genealogy is anti-essentialist and disinterested in metaphysical origins: What is found at the historical commencement of t hings is not the inviolable identity of their genesis; it is the dissension of other things. It is disparity. Most problematic, the origin makes plausible a field of knowledge whose function is to recover it, but always in a spurious recognition due to the excesses of its own speech. The origin believes itself to be the site of inescapable loss, a moment when the truth of the object corresponded to the truth of its discourse. History, rather, constrain a reversal of this relationship and the oversight of adolescent quests: behind the always recent, avaricious, and measured fidelity, it posits the ancient escalation of errors. Truth, then, is an error. The genealogist needs history to dispel the chimeras of the genesis. Here Foucault suggests that the genealogist must be able to recognize the events of history (even the ones we wish to clandestine) as well as diagnose the illness of the body, its vincibility, fortitude, and breakdowns, since history is the body of a development. Herkunft- Descent Herkunft is translated as descent and it confine that phenomena like truth, group, and even individuals are not to be thought of as unified phenomena. Instead of that, it allows the sorting out of different attributes that contributed to the phenomena. An examination will focus on the profusion of events which made their contribution to descent. In this sense, genealogy is aimed at fragmenting what was thought unified and unmovable. It will unveil the heterogeneity behind Herkunft. This constitutes the very first task of the genealogist. The sorting out of the different attributes/traits which have had any significance. The criterion for determining what is significant is in principle straightforward. It is determined by the empirical phenomenon that is investigated and the material that is collected about it. What is said in the interviews or in other connections, what is recorded on paper or what can be observed. In short, the artifacts determine what is significant, not the researcher. This is a good principle, even if it cannot be carried out completely. Of course the researcher makes a difference but this does not mean that he cannot give the artifacts a big room to speak for themselves. Entstehung- Emergence Entstehung is translated into Emergence- the instant of arising, but we are not looking for a particular point in history where a given reasonability, which from then has controlled everything is established. It is more tactical. It designates the endeavor of particular forces in particular points in time. The analysis of the Entstehung must demarcate this interaction. Enstehung is the access of forces. Often, but not necessarily, only engraved in the peripheral areas of the material. In Foucaults word it is the leap from the wings to the center stage. The Entstehung denominate the place where different systems of power/knowledge meet face-to-face. Not necessarily with a big bang but yes. The confrontation can be much humbler and seem trivial at a first skim. Further, the power/knowledge systems are not necessarily equal. Often the places of the Entstehung are not manifested vividly in the material. This relates to the gnarled or tricky part of revealing marginalized knowledge. The Entstehung provides a seldom opportunity where some of the marginalized voices are not quiescent, which is one of the main reasons that the analysis of the Entstehung is highly important. Genealogy vs. Traditional History In the fifth section, Foucault abridged the methodological differences between a history based in geneaology (a Nietzschian history) and a traditional history, or the historians history. For Foucault, these differences remain in the sensibility the historian/genealogist takes toward the work. The historians history implicit a metaphysical continuity between past and present, a suprahistorical perspective that seeks to reconcile disparity through apocalyptic objectivity. The traditional historian keeps their body outside of history and relies on a myriad of distances and heights: the noblest periods, the highest forms [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] adopting the famous perspective of frogs. Genealogical history, however, is an effective history (a history of effects?), dispossess itself of the affirmation of progress and genesis, as genealogy is the examination of both Herkunft (Descent) and Entstehung(Emergence). It deprives the self of the bolstering or reassuring the stability of life and nature , and it will not permit itself to be transported by a voiceless intractability toward a millennial ending. This is because knowledge is not made for understanding; it is made for cutting. This manner of history studies those things nearest it-the body and all imminent-and demands consciousness of its own perspective: it has no dread of looking down, so as long as it understands that it looks from above. It doesnt seek to recount the birth of truth and values in the service of philosophy, but operates as a differential knowledge of energies and failings [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] a curative science. It concurs knowledge as perspective-and as with any case of perspective, where one stands are the most relevant and important point. Note on the Author Genealogy is shrewd and interpretive. It does not presume to be naive. The  author must try to define his stand in regard to subject of analysis. Where is he, the author, talking from? Genealogy is a very much demanding approach. This augments the obligation of the author to describe as clearly as plausible his own stand/position in the game.

Rates of Reaction Experiment :: Papers

Rates of Reaction Experiment Rate of reaction means the rate of formation of a product/disappearance of a reactant, this is useful because we can time the different concentrations reacting with the acid, and give each of them a rate, based on the formula rate = 1/time. Rate of reaction is what we use to measure how quickly a reaction takes to reach a certain point in the reaction in this case it is when it gets to certain cloudiness. In this investigation, we will need to measure the time of the reaction, so we can make a rate for it, to do this we use the formula, - rate = 1/time * 1000, we use the *1000 so that it is a manageable number to plot on a graph if necessary. It is generally measured in time, as this is the only means possible to us; however you must be careful because as heat is a catalyst, it strongly affects the rate as you will see in the results, so we have to try and keep it the same throughout the experiment. The reaction we are studying is very easy to monitor and time. All of the products in the solution dissolve into it (sodium chloride, sulphur dioxide and water), apart from sulphur, which makes the solution go cloudy, and forms a precipitate. This can be written down as s-1for example 15.7 s-1means 15.7 per second is the rate of the reaction. The rate is generally measured by selecting a certain amount of two substances, and finding a suitable way of judging when the reaction has finished, the reaction is then timed, and when you have a time, you put it into the formula rate = 1/time *1000.This is the only method available to us, because it can not be done any other way for this experiment, but others may be measured in different ways, i.e. mass loss, or amount of gas evolved could be measured. The Equations for this experiment are: Sodium thiosulphate + Hydrochloric acid à   Sodium chloride + sulphur +

Essay examples --

People use and rely on the Internet is so many ways today; it is difficult to imagine what life was like when it did not exist. The emergence of the Internet has impacted the world in many ways including eliminating a student’s need to visit a library, possibly costing people a job when searching for employment, providing a lack or privacy, creating a new method of communication, presenting new ways to commit a crime, and even an easier way to spend more money on items many people do not really need. Our world has changed drastically since the creation of the Internet, and over time as technology advances, it is going to be amazing to see what else society will be able to do. The Internet has brought an end to students’ need to go to the library and do research for school. Entering college I was always worried about my first research paper for English because I never went to the library and did actual intense research. But once I received the first research assignment, I soon realized I still did not need to take trips to the library unless I am having trouble using the website provided by Drexel to find useful sources. It is unfortunate that most students do not know how to do research in a library when not that long ago, books were the only way to find information. The Internet is beneficial in many ways but there are also some negative aspects that many people fail to realize before it is too late and cost them a job. Due to the increased use of the Internet and social media, people’s lives have been impacted due to the information being posted. People now have to be aware of what they post onto the web because once it is posted; it is on the web forever. Employers even look at employee candidates social media page to see if t... ... that allows people to download free music, not much is being accomplished because a new website is created the next day to do the same thing. Not only does the Internet make it easier to do research for a project but it also makes shopping faster and more efficient. The ability to buy almost anything online has reduced the amount of people that actually leave their house to buy things. If Black Friday was not enough for people to go crazy and spend money, Cyber Monday was created for those who still had money left to receive great deals from the comfort of their own home without waiting in any ridiculous lines. There are both positive and negative results to the Internet, but as long as people are responsible, it can be a great tool in almost any aspect of life. It will truly be amazing to see what other advances technology will create in just the next few years.

Intelligence: A Product of Social Construction Essay example -- essays

Intelligence: A Product of Social Construction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the development of the intelligence quotient, schools in every part of the world have been using the IQ test to categorize millions of students into three groups. These three groups, which are the gifted, the average, and the retarded, are falsifications that perpetuate in our world culture and cause many gifted students to be deemed retarded and vice a versa. Why then is the IQ test so heavily relied on in our school systems? For schools the answer is simple, an I.Q. test is a reliable predictor of a students later performance in academics. This answer is relatively true, but where the I.Q. test falls extremely short is with testing the multiple intelligences of the human brain. The intelligence quotient test, developed by Alfred Binet, was created to evaluate ones intelligence with a test that would yield a numerical value that could be compared with a collective average to determine ones level of intelligence. However, the questions of an I.Q. test, or ev en the SAT’s for that matter, are testing only the verbal-mathematical forms of intelligence. The human brain is extremely complicated and advanced, and to assume that the indicators of intelligence are only found in logical and linguistic intelligences is a poor assumption at best. A more comprehensive test, which can test all seven types of intelligence, should be implemented into the educational system to ensure every student an education tailored to their strongest abilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In every elementary school in America third graders are forced to take a test that will greatly impact their academic careers. The G.A.T.E. program, which stands for gifted and talented education, is designed to separate the gifted children from the average and below average kids. However, the G.A.T.E. test is comprised of questions the children do not have the answers for. In other words, the kids are being tested on their innate knowledge of the world and their ability to creatively solve problems they have never encountered. Some might believe there is no flaw in testing a child’s natural intelligence. The test is given to each student and each student is given the same amount of time to complete a test of identical questions. But what educators fail to account for is the social bias of the test and the socio-eco... ...or each of the seven intelligences and students will be placed in the category of classes that he or she is best suited for. With this educational system career training can start a much younger age, students will develop in one direction rather than being spread thin over many useless topics, and the professionals of the future will be identified before they ever enter the work force. In the current world, I.Q. tests are the gates that limit ones ability to gain a fair and equal education. The tests given now will continue to reward those lucky enough to live in the upper-middle class and will continue to hold a lid on the potential of the millions of people suppressed into the ghettos of America. New testing and rewriting of tests should be the first step in making American public education fair to all Americans. Eventually the socially constructed idea of â€Å"intelligence† will change, but not fade, and it is up to the people of this generation to redefine what makes a person intelligent. Works Cited Jacobus A., Lee & Howard Gardner. â€Å"A World of Ideas.† A Rounded Version: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Bedford/St. Martin’s. 6th Ed. Boston, Ma. 2002. 373 – 391

Hawthorne The Myth of the Docile Worker Essay

Review This journal begins with an introduction to the infamous Hawthorne experiments led by Elton Mayo and Fritiz J. Roethlisberger. These experiments were based on Mayo’s belief in the need to shift the focus of management from a scientific approach to one that valued human relations. The Hawthorne experiments surfaced as the pioneer studies of it’s time in human management psychology. The results developed a theory known as the â€Å"Hawthorne effect† in which many have incorporated to form the fundamentals of modern day human relations in commerce. Roethlisberger described the â€Å"Hawthorne effect† as an awareness from the working class when special attention is given by their managements thus bringing about a positive change in productivity. Today, the â€Å"Hawthorne effect† is even equated as simply treating employees well. Bramel is critical when pin-pointing the flaws of the theory. Being unconcerned over the methodology and accuracy of the experiments, he gives Mayo the benefit of the doubt and instead questions in particular two aspects of the theory. The first of which is the assumption that workers are easily manipulated by their higher managements to become constructive and cohesive with their fellow workers thus increasing productivity regardless of the working environment or economy. The second assumption being, conflict between management and it’s workers are due to external factors and downplays the fact that conflicts of interests between the two parties is inevitable. The truth remains that the firm is exploitive in it’s capitalist nature, managers will constantly seek to increase productivity whereas workers will always look out for their own economic interest. Bramel’s interpretation of the Hawthorne effect puts into play the fact that the capitalist recognizes that human relations is important. However, he puts it sharply that Mayo’s interpretation of the management- worker relationship is that of a myth, and is not relevant to all managements and cannot be used as a textbook answer towards dealing with workers. Bramel is not the only one who is critical when it comes to the Hawthorne effect theory. Richard Gillespie, 1991, presents us with the most balanced view he strongly disapproves with the Hawthorne effect theory that satisfied employees are productive employees. Instead, he believes the Hawthorne effect is subject to the interpretations by the various experts who manage the situations and apply the theory on their workers to achieve the results they require. I believe the question now lies, how can managements change their worker’s attitudes to achieve a trusting and productive worker? A review of : Bramel, D. (August 1981). Hawthorne, the Myth of the Docile Worker, and Class Bias in Psychology. American Psychologist, Volume 36(8) pp. 867-878. Oreg and Berson note that careful selection process when selecting personnel eliminates negativity in workers and helps bring together like minded people who are passionate about their jobs and look for work satisfaction. (Oreg and Berson, 2011) In this way, class biases and the conflict of interests between managers and workers is reduced. Managers can expect to achieve their desired results and produce a motivated workforce. Managers can expect to maximise the capacity and performance of their human resources by orientating their workers to familiarise them with the company’s goals, objectives and vision, help their workers understand the constant changes and demands of their job requirements and minimises misunderstanding and conflicts in the workplace. In other words, by setting performance expectations that correspond with the worker’s value systems help managers shape their employee’s attitudes. (Oreg and Berson, 2011) Armed with such valuable information, managers who relay their expectations and keep an open channel of communication between themselves and their workers, allow workers to achieve their targets using their best possible means in the the ways most comfortable to them. Integrating workers into the firm is crucial. By providing a flexible and comfortable work environment, managers are able to fully achieve productivity by allowing each worker to be individualistic and reach their full potential. (David Fairhurst, 2010) David woods agrees that complex management hierarchies should be removed and employees are looking for the freedom of speech and their opinions to be valued by managements. He illustrates that in order to retain the best talents, modern managements are to be less oppressive in their management styles and provide more engaging benefits. Employees appreciate the transparency help in management and no longer feel that the firm is looking to exploit them, rather to reward performance based or meritocracy. (David woods, 2010) Wayne Gwilym the HR director of insulation firm Rockwool is one such manager. â€Å"I am a change manager†, Gwilym states. A decade ago, the workers were negative and demotivated when Gwilym took over HR operations of the family based business. Today, Gwilym boasts of the transformation that the Rockwool workforce has gone through and has become a valuable asset to the company. The answer for Rockwool’s workforce transformation presented to us by Gwilym was simple. It was to get the HR team, managers and their workers to work together to develop employment policies as a collaborative effort and expedite it’s implementation. Today, Rockwell strongly believes that a motivated workforce who trusts and looks forward to the business’s future success is one of the forces driving the business forward. Gwilym is a change manager who sees the importance of giving his worker’s stretching targets and establishing a cost cutting project (Harrington, Sià ¢n, 2010) A survey based research conducted by Anne Delarue, Geert Van Hootegem, Stephen Procter and Mark Burridge on teamwork and organizational performance go hand in hand with the concepts as explained to us by Gyilym. The authors suggest that an A review of : Bramel, D. (August 1981). Hawthorne, the Myth of the Docile Worker, and Class Bias in Psychology. American Psychologist, Volume 36(8) pp. 867-878. inclusive human resource system which emphasizes on teamwork, will have a positive effect on employee’s job satisfaction, commitment and motivation. These factors in turn lead to an improvement in employee attitudes and organizational performance. The journal points out that it is important for managers to discover how and why employees behave and perform the way they do. (Anne Delarue, Geert Van Hootegem, Stephen Procter and Mark Burridge, 2008) Bramel’s speculations in the Hawthorne effect theory involving the myth of the docile workers and that class biases do exist is one that I believe holds substance even in our day and age. Further research into the factors as pointed out by Bramel drive the same point home, class biases will continue to exits due to the capitalist nature of the industries and that workers are also humans whose mental state cannot be controlled and is difficult to predict. In today’s context, management sees the importance of a changing and flexible management that places importance in the welfare of it’s workers in order to obtain maximum productivity. Our society’s demanding and constantly changing expectations requires mangers to step up to the challenge to become a change manager who can adapt and find a balance between the expectations of the employers and it’s employees. Management styles will continue to vary and change, however, one fact remains, it is the managers’ duty to employ management techniques to reduce and eliminate threats to the firm. By narrowing down the factors that causes negativity in the workplace, managers can prevent workers’ counteractive mentalities and detrimental company cultures from taking seed. As quoted from Leo Burnett, â€Å"When you reach for the stars you may not quite get one†¦ But you won’t come up with a handful of mud either†. And I believe this is the mindset managers should have when working with their workers bearing in mind that the workforce are the ones who make or break a firm. As quoted from Will Hutton, â€Å"Human resources play a crucial role in the transformation of an industry – but only if it embraces the challenges.† (Will Hutton, 2010) A review of : Bramel, D. (August 1981). Hawthorne, the Myth of the Docile Worker, and Class Bias in Psychology. American Psychologist, Volume 36(8) pp. 867-878. Resources: Richard Gillespie, (1991). Manufacturing Knowledge: A history of the Hawthorne experiments†. Cambridge University Press. Shaul Oreg & Yair Berson, (Autumn 2011 ). Leadership and employees’ reactions to change: The role of Leaders’ personal attributes and transformational leadership style. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 64 issue 3, pp. 627-659. Fairhurst, David, (Nov 2010). We’re in danger of losing sight of the fact employees are human beings rather than, well, human resources. Human Resources. Human Resources. pp. 15-15. David Woods, (Nov 2010). HR Lessons†¦ From history. Human Resources. pp. 62-62. Harrington, Sià ¢n, (Nov 2010). Order out of Chaos. Human Resources. pp. 29-31. Anne Delarue, Geert Van Hootegem, Stepjem Protec & Mark Burridge, (2008). Teamwork and organizational performance: A review of survey-based research. International Journal of management reviews, volume 10 issue 2, pp. 127-148 Will Hutton, (Nov 2010). We cannot wish back into existence factories and steel mills that have been closed over the past 40 years. Human Resources. Pp 22-22.

Affirmative Action Case Study

In the Washington office of Price Waterholes. Issues The company affirmative action office has strongly advised him to hire a young black woman, June Tries. Mr.. Green believes Bob Young, a young white male, Is better qualified for the Job. 47 other plants have a young white male for this position. There are very few minorities working for this company. Comparison Chart on Mr.. Green's Evaluation June Tries bib young Masters in industrial relations from Cornell Degree in History small school. Ears of college as personnel major 3 Years experience as assistant personnel manager 5 Years experience as assistant personnel manager No union experience* Union experience* Mediocre References Good References Poor personality Good personality Ambitious – wants to progress within the company Not very aggressive – doubtful that he will progress within the company Members of management did not seem to like her** Members of management seemed to like him** Advertisement did not say uni on experience was necessary ** – All Philadelphia members of management are white males Why I Would Hire June TriesJune meets the minimum qualifications stated In the advertisement. The company affirmative action office strongly advised him to hire her. She Is something that the company does not currently have. She can bring new things to the table. She Is ambitious and wants to go father In the company. She Is goal oriented and Is driven to succeed. She Is opinionated, and seems to stand up for herself based on the fact that she said she would sue the company for delimitation If she did not get the Job. Based on the track record of current and previous personnel managers she could quite alcove in this company.Based off of their history the company does not come off well to minorities. I could not base all of my decision based off Mr.. Greens opinionated notes. For all I know Mr.. Green Just likes Bob Young because of his race and gender. Mr.. Green sounds like he already Jud ged Mr.. Trier's based on the fact that she is a black woman. The only good opinion he had about her was that she was ambitious. Why I Would Not Hire Bob Young He is not driven to move farther in the company. He is Just like all of the other managers, and seems to bring nothing new to the company.

Children and Young People Development

1. 1 Describe the expected pattern of children and young people’s development from birth to 19 years, to include: * Physical development, communication development, intellectual development social, emotional and behavioural development. 0-3 months from birth a baby’s physical and progress development will improve than any other age. They will have many different movements but this will be very limited, these include grasping (wrapping fingers around things they touch) rooting (will help them find milk threw the nipple by moving head and using touch and if held with their feet firmly to the floor they will copy stepping movements.As they age they will become more confident with this movement and look more relaxed and even move their head more when they see movement and light. * 6-9 months usually play with feet (put them in mouth etc), and cruise around furniture 1. 2 describe with examples how different aspects od development can affect one another. The parts of develop ment do not work individually-they are linked this is why we talk about general development. Even when aiming on one aspect of development, it is very crucial not to forget we are viewing at a person or child and young people.They need to develop many different abilities and these interest more than one spot of development. For example, from every early age parental or carer communication and encouragement is very important for a child. It can help the child grow and develop in all aspects: physical, emotional, behaviour, social, communication and intellect. A child, who has little communication, is UN cared for or has negative social experiences. In these early development years may become a lonely individual have difficulty communicating with others and lack in self-esteem.They may have low expectations of themselves concerning school and learning, which could string to poor results in school which in turn could affect their confidence even further. Children from a poverty stricke n area or deprive background could be affected in many way, environmental, financial Situation an health issues, can all be related. For example their home may be overcrowded and they could be neglected as an individual, the family could be struggling financially a problem which puts pressure on the parents making tension within the family.Absence of money may mean lack of food for the family, going on to poor nutrition. Some children might feel under pressure from peers to have certain brands of clothing. Shoes etc. , they might not be able to keep up with the latest technology and this could lead bullying, shortage of self-esteem. 2. 1 describe with examples the kinds of influences that effect children and young people’s development including: * Background * Health * Environment There are many issues that affect the healthy growth and development of children.These issues Work in mixture and so it is OFTEN difficult to approximate the impact of any single issues on general c hild development Background: pupils may come from a large variety of different family environment, culture, and conditions for example their parents may come from a foreign country and have different religious beliefs. This may affect the child as will be taught something different as home and school may be teaching something else and this may confuse the child. There may also be a language issue as the child may speak the parent’s language at home and may have problems speaking English at school.Health: poor health or physical disability can affect the children development. There are many genetic disorders which instance development. Examples: children with Down’s syndrome often have learning difficulties which can affect their understanding and their ability to communicate with others. * Poor nutrition and lack of sleep will cause a lack of energy and may results in aggressive behaviour and an inability to form relationships. Environment: poverty and poor housing con ditions may affect children’s feelings or self-esteem.Examples, children who live in overcrowded homes or in temporary bed and breakfast accommodation may have fewer opportunities to play with other children and may feel cut off because they see themselves as â€Å"different†. Children’s whose family are travellers might not stay in one area long enough to form friendships. Also children’s education is badly disrupted when families are moved from one place to another. Pollution of the environment could have a evident change on the health and development of children and young people. the three main principals threats to health are water pollution, air pollution and noise pollution.Children are specifically exposed to air pollution. This is partly because they have a huge lung surface area in comparison to their small body size; this means that they soak up toxic substances faster than adults do and are slower to get them out of their body. The effects of a ir pollution from factory chimneys, the use of chemical insecticides and car exhausts include: * Lead poisoning- this is caused by various things such as by vehicle exhaust fumes. Children’s ability to learn can easily be effected by just even the lowest levels of lead in the blood. Children especially vulnerable to lead poisoning. Asthma – an acting trigger for asthma can be air pollution which can make an existing condition even worse. Traffic polluted areas can raise the level of incidence of asthma. 2. 2 describe with examples the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young people’s development. A practitioner should recognise when a child or young person’s development is not succeeding the foreseeable standards. Regularly the parents will tell their own concern and it is important to reply to these. If you are not responding to these, the problem could get worse.Some children and young people may need additional help for any reason, at any time, and for any timespan. Some development involvement is temporary such as hearing problems that is corrected by an operation, and there for only require temporary help. Concerns about development The following issues can all influence the way in which a child or young person develops holistically: * Family situation: family failure – e. g. division of parents or arrival of a new partner; a child or young person being a career of another family member; being looked after by the local authority or recently having left care. Social or emotional problems: grief; behavioural difficulties; being involved in a bullying situation or subject to some kind of discrimination. * Disability or health needs: hearing or visual damage; language and communication difficulties; autistic spectrum disorder; chronic illness leading to regular hospitalisation, and conditions requiring a surgical operation. A child or young person’s development is giving ‘cau se’ for concern will need to be ‘supported’.Practitioners should try to identify the child or young person’s particular developmental needs and reply quickly; he sooner the difficulty is recognised the more likely that the support offered will be affective. The parents or cares should be consulted and the support needed can be bespoke to the individual child or young person. Having observed or compared the child or young person, you need to decide how best their needs can be met. You will need to refer to the related part of normative development to work out which area of development needs to be supported and then decide how this can be done.This involves: * Finding out about their interests and opinions: Children and young people need to know that their interests and opinions are valued. This means showing respect for their interests and showing that you value their contributions. You can find out from parents and cares about activates most enjoyed by you ng children. Older people and young children should be referred about their favourites Providing difficult activates: children and young people need to feel engaged= in activities. – They may find activities to easy for them boring and unexciting.By planning activities that test them, you will be helping them to feel felling of triumph and supporting their progress. * Being prepared to be adaptable when setting up activities: setting up activities should be an adaptable process. You need to be prepared to alter your plans to take into account the individual favourites of children and young people. In this way you, will promote an =atmosphere= of trust and respect. Also, when you consult a young person about what they want to do at a particular time you can often support him or her to take proprietorship of the activity

Myrtle Wilson Themes of Class and Wealth Essay

We get the feeling that Myrtle Wilson is not an especially smart woman. Strung along by Tom, Myrtle is convinced that he loves her and would leave his wife for her if he could. The whole bit about Daisy being a Catholic and not believing in divorce is, as Nick points out, not remotely true. Because she is unhappy in her marriage to George, Myrtle is drawn to Tom for certain specific reasons. George is passive, but Tom is controlling and authoritative. Myrtle puts up with Tom’s physical abuse because she equates it with masculinity – a quality that in her mind is lacking in her husband. She even yells at George, â€Å"throw me and down and beat me, you dirty little coward!† Myrtle also adds to the novel’s themes of class and wealth. She insists that she married below her caste, that she believed certain things about George until they got married and it was too late, he borrowed a suit for the wedding, for example. Since Myrtle is quite obviously below the Buchanan’s class (yet another reason she goes for Tom), Fitzgerald ridicules her for insisting that she is above her husband. Myrtle has many hopes and Myrtle never really loved Tom but just wanted his money. She called his house during dinner to talk to him without even thinking that he might get caught. She does not respect him at all except for when she wants something. When she and Tom are at the party at the apartment, she disrespects Daisy and Tom hits her in the nose. Myrtle only wants to get away from the poor life with George and live more luxuriously with another man. She hopes that someday that Tom will leave Daisy and they can live together. The nature of Myrtle Wilson is apparent at the party in the apartment. Even though alcohol is prohibited during this time, she drinks freely. She also says that when she first met Tom Buchanan, she was attracted to him by his suit. Myrtle says, he had on a dress suit and patent leather shoes and I couldn’t keep my eyes off him. Myrtle is materialistic and she was very impressed with the expensive suit Tom had on. This meeting made her think even less of George because he had to borrow a suit for their wedding. Myrtle Wilson is a woman stuck in a bad marriage that can lone think of the higher part of society. She wants to have a rich husband and an expensive lifestyle. Her dream of such a lifestyle eventually leads to her demise.